Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. is an Italian automobile manufacturer, formerly part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, and since 2021 a subsidiary of Stellantis through its Italian division Stellantis Italy. Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat S.p.A. reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899, when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.
Fiat Automobiles is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy. During its more than century-long history, it remained the largest automobile manufacturer in Europe and the third in the world after General Motors and Ford for over 20 years, until the car industry crisis in the late 1980s. In 2013, Fiat S.p.A. was the second-largest European automaker by volumes produced and the seventh in the world, while FCA was the world’s eighth-largest automaker.
Deutsche Bank AG is a German global banking and financial services company with its headquarters in the Deutsche Bank Twin Towers in Frankfurt. It has more than 100,000 employees in over 70 countries, and has a large presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and the emerging markets.
In 2009, Deutsche Bank was the largest foreign exchange dealer in the world with a market share of 21 percent. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.
Deutsche Bank was founded in Berlin in 1870 as a specialist bank for foreign trade. The bank’s statute was adopted on 22 January 1870, and on 10 March 1870 the Prussian government granted it a banking licence.
The German Savings Banks Finance Group (Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe) is the most numerous sub-sector with 431 savings banks using the Sparkasse brand, 8 Landesbanken including the DekaBank using separate brands and 10 real estate financing banks using the LBS brand.
Savings banks in German-speaking countries are called Sparkasse (Sparkassen). They work as commercial banks in a decentralized structure. Each savings bank is independent, locally managed and concentrates its business activities on customers in the region it is situated in. In general, savings banks are not profit oriented. Shareholders of the savings banks are usually single cities or numerous cities in an administrative district.
The German Cooperative Financial Group (Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network) is a major cooperative banking network in Germany that includes local banks named Volksbanken and Raiffeisenbanken, the latter in tribute to 19th-century cooperative movement pioneer Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The Cooperative Group represents one of the three “pillars” of Germany’s banking sector, the other two being, respectively, the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe of public banks, and the commercial banking sector represented by the Association of German Banks.
The Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) is the nationwide representative body of the Cooperative Financial Group. It operates under the Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband, the umbrella organization of the German cooperative movement.
Deutsche Leasing AG (DL) is the largest manufacturer-independent leasing company in Germany. Since 1987, the company has had its headquarters in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe and is the centre of excellence for leasing for the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe (Savings Banks Finance Group). Shares are held by approximately 400 Sparkassen (savings banks), either directly or indirectly through holding companies. Deutsche Leasing is the sole shareholder of Deutsche Anlagen-Leasing in Wiesbaden.
“Deutsche Leasing GmbH”, Germany’s first leasing company, was entered in the Commercial Register in Düsseldorf in 1962. The two other predecessor companies of Deutsche Leasing “Maschinen-Miete GmbH” and “Mietdienst GmbH” were founded some time later. In 1971, these three companies merged to form Deutsche Leasing AG. Until 1991 the founder of “Maschinen-Miete GmbH”, Albrecht Dietz, was Chairman of the Board of the new company.
Commerzbank AG is a global banking and financial services company founded in 1870 with its headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany.
Commerzbank is Germany’s second-largest bank, holding a nationwide network of branch offices, numerous offshore branch offices and representations in more than 50 countries globally which employs a total of 51,782 employees as of June 2014. It offers its clients retail and commercial financing services, investment banking services, asset management, and private banking services.
Commerzbank was founded in 1870 by individual and merchant bankers in Hamburg, Germany. Ship owner C. Woermann was the first chairman of the super-visory board of Commerz- und Disconto-Bank from 1870.
Targobank AG (Proprietary notation: TARGOBANK) is a German bank mainly operating in the retail, business and corporate customer segments and is headquartered in Düsseldorf.
With 700 employees at its head office, Targobank is one of the larger banking employers in the Düsseldorf financial center. In Duisburg, the bank runs a customer center with 2,000 employees. In addition, there are administrative buildings in Mainz (factoring) and Düsseldorf (leasing & investment financing).
Since 2008 it is part of the French Crédit Mutuel Alliance Féderale banking group Strassburg. Before the bank was part of the American Citigroup which in 2010 became Citibank Privatkunden AG & Co. KGaA and until 1991 it had been active under the name Kundenkreditbank.
Santander Consumer Bank AG is a German Credit Institution in the legal form of a corporation with headquarters in Mönchengladbach. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Spanish Banco Santander S.A. In Germany, the bank is represented by the Santander Consumer Bank AG.
The business model of Santander Consumer Bank AG is based on three pillars: retail banking, vehicle financing and consumer financing. The Santander Consumer Bank AG is the largest manufacturer-independent bank in the field of car, motorcycle, and (motor) caravan financing and maintains ten dealer sales centers in the metropolitan areas of Hamburg, Frankfurt, Leipzig, Munich, Hanover, Berlin, Stuttgart and Mönchengladbach. The consumer financing business focuses on the consumer electronics, computer and furniture retail sectors.
